HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

Article 23 of the 1998 Constitution states: 1. The right to information is guaranteed. 2. Everyone has the right, in compliance with law, to get information about the activity of state organs, as well as of persons who exercise state functions. 3. Everybody is given the possibility to follow the meetings of collectively elected organs. (1) Article 56 provides, "Everyone has the right to be informed for the status of the environment and its protection." The Law on the Right to Information for Official Documents was enacted in June 1999.(2) The law allows any person to request information contained in official documents. This includes personal information on individuals exercising state functions related to the performance of their duties. Public authorities must decide in 15 days and provide the information within 30 days. Unusually, there are no exceptions in the law for withholding information. Documents can be withheld only if another law such as the laws on data protection or classified information restricts their disclosure. Government agencies are required to publish their location, functions, rules, methods and procedures. Documents that have been previously released and those that the public authority deems important to others must also be published. The bodies must also create certain documents including final decisions on cases, administrative staff manuals, and indexes. The People's Advocate (Ombudsman) is tasked with oversight of the law. Under the statute setting up the office, the Advocate is an independent office elected by three-fifths of Parliament for a five-year term.(3) The Advocate can receive complaints and conduct investigations. As part of an investigation, he can demand classified information from government bodies. Once he has completed an investigation, the Advocate can recommend a criminal investigation, court action or dismissal of officials for serious offenses but the decisions are not binding. The Advocate handled a number of complaints under the law in 2003 and 2004. Appeals can also be made to a court. A Tirana district court made the first ruling on the law in a case brought by the Centre for Development and Democratisation of the Institutions against the Ministry of Education in January 2005. Implementation of the law has been problematic. The act is not well known and the number of requests has been low. A 2003 survey by the Centre for Development and Democratisation of the Institutions (CDDI) found that 87 percent of public employees were not aware of the Act, no institutions had published the required information and few had appointed officers.(4) Other problems found included deadlines not being respected and fees regulations not being published. In 2004, the People's Advocate recommended that disciplinary measures be imposed against officials who intentionally or negligently violate the law, reflecting a growing frustration with the progress of implementation.(5) The Law on Information Classified "State Secret" regulates the creation and control of classified information.(6) It sets three levels of classification: top secret, secret and confidential. Information can be classified for ten years but that can be extended. It creates a Directorate for the Security of Classified Information to enforce security rules. It was adopted to ensure compatibility with NATO standards.(7) In May 2006, the Parliament approved amendments to the law to create a new category called "restricted" for information the disclosure of which would "damage the normal state activity and the interests or effectiveness of the state institutions." It was strongly criticized by civil society groups and international organizations.(8) Articles 294-296 of the Criminal Code penalize the release of state secrets by both officials and citizens, with a penalty of up to ten years for unauthorized release.(9) The Law on Archives sets rules on retention and collection of archive files.(10) The Cold War International History Project reports continued problems with access to files from the Communist-era, including access to Communist Party records. It also noted that declassification of Cold War-era files is proceeding slowly.(11) The Law on the Protection of Personal Data allows for individuals to access and correct their personal information held by public and private bodies.(12) It is also overseen by the Ombudsman. The Law on the Declaration and Control of Assets, Financial Obligations of Elected Persons and Some Civil Servants was adopted in April 2003.(13) It requires public officials to declare their assets and liabilities. It is overseen by the High Inspectorate of Declaration and Control of Assets. The law specifically authorizes public access to the declarations under the Law on the Right to Information. Albania signed the Aarhus Convention in 1998 and ratified it in 2001.(14) The Law on Environmental Protection requires publication of environmental information.(15) 2004 freedominfo.org Global Survey Results - Albania   NOTES 1. Constitution of Albania, 1998. http://www.ipls.org/services/kusht/contents.html. 2. The Law on the Right to Information for Official Documents, No. 8503, 30 June 1999. http://hidaa.gov.al/english/pub/l_8503.htm. 3. Statute No. 8454, dated 4 February 1999 on People's Advocate. http://www.avokatipopullit.gov.al/English/index.htm. 4. CDDI, Rapport on monitoring process on Albanian Public Administration for the implementation of the law for the "Access of Information on Official Documents", 2004. 5. Annual Report of the People's Advocate for 2004, 2005. 6. Law nr. 8457 On Information Classified as "State Secret", 11 February 1999. 7. See Ministry of Defense of Albania, Restructuring of the Armed Forces 2002-2010. http://www.mod.gov.al/anglisht/AntNATO_Angl/Ant_NATOlink3.htm. 8. See comments of OSCE FOM, April 2006. http://www.osce.org/documents/rfm/2006/04/18815_en.pdf; Albanian Helsinki Committee and the Center for Parliamentary Studies, February 27, 2006. http://www.ahc.org.al/kshh/eng/letter/27022006.html; Letter from Justice Initiative and Center for the Development and Democratization of Institutions, 9 February 2006. 9. Criminal Code. No. 7895, dated 27 January 1995. 10. Law On Archives No 9154, 11 June 2003. 11. CWIHP and Its Partners Seek Greater Access to Albanian Cold War Files, Passport: The Newsletter of the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations, April 2005. 12. Law on the Protection of Personal Data, No.8517, 22 July 1999. http://hidaa.gov.al/english/pub/l_8517.htm. 13. The Law on the Declaration and Control of Assets, Financial Obligations of Elected Persons and Some Civil Servants, 10 April 2003. http://hidaa.gov.al/english/pub/l_9049.htm. 14. Law no. 8672, 26 October 2000. For more information on environmental access, see UNECE, Environmental Performance Reviews -- Albania, November 2002. http://www.unece.org/env/epr/studies/albania/welcome.htm. 15. Law on Environmental Protection No.8934, 5 September 2002. http://www.basel.int/legalmatters/natleg/albania4.doc